Another potential partner, parkin (PARK2), the E3 ubiquitin ligase associated with Parkinson's disease, was proposed by Cho et al. to cooperate with the TSPO-VDAC complex to mediate responses against infection and wounding in Drosophila, since mutations in parkin + TSPO or parkin + VDAC showed similar effects as parkin homozygous mutants (Cho et al. 2015). This evidence concerns the gene TSPO and infection.