It has been confirmed that in HCC tissues, the decrease in Th1 cytokine expression and the increase in Th2 cytokine expression are associated with vascular invasion and metastasis recurrence.[21] M-CSF could also cause macrophages to be of M2 type,[22] which produce cytokines and growth factors that inhibit immune function and promote tumor progression. The gene discussed is CSF1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.