SHANK3 and language disorder: This finding is concordant with three lines of additional evidence: (1) PMS considered as primarily a speech and language disorder [34] with core phenotypes mediated by disruption to white matter tracts underlying language [43]; (2) the presence of prominent speech alterations in the three psychiatric disorders linked with SHANK3, autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder [33, 44, 45]; and (3) vocalization alterations found in SHANK3-deficient animal models [30, 36, 37].