Cellular signal transduction pathways such as the MAPK signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, TLR4 signal transduction pathway, PKC/p66Shc signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome, Nrf2 signaling pathway, SIRT1 signaling pathway, and other signaling pathways were also summarized to explore the potential pathogenesis of II/R-induced ALI and examine new targeted therapies using biomarkers. Here, TLR4 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.