TLR4 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: In the lung injury model induced by II/R in mice, TLR4 deletion can prevent the activation of p38MAPK and NF-κB signals, and the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and the activation of NK-κB in the lung tissue of TLR4-mutant mice are significantly inhibited, which indicates that these pathways are involved in ALI induced by II/R and are mediated by TLR4 [28].