TNF and Anophthalmia: We observed eye malformations in embryos from obese hepcidin KO dams treated with IgG control, whereas neutralizing TNFα reduced the incidence of embryo eye malformations including a reduction in anophthalmia (P < 0.001) (Fig. 7g–j), confirming the role of maternal TNFα in mediating adverse embryo outcomes in iron-loaded, obese pregnancies.