CD4 and HIV infectious disease: We ensured the inclusion in our multivariate models of only metabolic and glycomic markers whose significance was not dependent on several demographic and clinical confounders such as age, sex, ethnicity, ART initiation during early versus chronic stages of HIV infection, duration of ART, and pre-ATI CD4 count, as all of these markers can influence HIV reservoir size and/or our metabolic/glycomic signatures.