To determine the extent of the microgliosis and astrogliosis in relation to increasing AD-like pathology, sections from 2-, 4-, 8-, and 18-month-old WT and App KI mouse brains were processed for immunohistochemistry with the markers S100β (Fig. 7), Iba1 and GFAP (Additional file 4: Fig. S4). Here, GFAP is linked to Alzheimer disease.