The levels of creatine, HbAlc, BUN, HDL, AST, ALT, CO2CP, blood glucose, blood potassium, blood ketone, hs-TnT, BNP, TG, TC, lactate, pH, and frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis, type of diabetes, duration of diabetes, vascular complications and abdominal pain were significantly different among the 3 groups (P < 0.05) (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and diabetic ketoacidosis.