Reduced PDX1-positive cells with improved PanIN1, PanIN2, and PanIN3 formation were observed in cerulein-with-AOM–treated mice also treated with anti–IL-18, compared with induced PDX1-positive cells nearby the PanINs in the pancreatic ducts of cerulein-with-AOM–treated mice without anti–IL-18 (Fig 5Bi–v). This evidence concerns the gene PDX1 and infectious otitis media.