TGFβ is an important regulator of normal mammary gland development, as well as breast cancer development and progression (Burdette et al., 2005), where it plays a dual role (Huang et al., 2018); while in early stages of mammary carcinogenesis it acts as a tumor suppressor, in late stages it promotes tumor progression by potentiating tumor metastasis (Muraoka et al., 2002; Nam et al., 2008). Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast cancer.