NPPB and cancer: These data were also confirmed in a Japanese single-center study, in which researchers found an increased risk of stomach, lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancer in the HF cohort compared to controls, and, in addition, they reported a positive correlation between cancer incidence and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, although no correlation was found with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) [12].