TAC, GPx and SOD were elected as the biomarkers for antioxidant capacity among T2DM, primarily due to the disadvantages of the commonly used assay measurements: (i) MDA is produced by the platelet enzyme thromboxane synthase during whole blood clotting and platelet activation, which can lead to excessive estimation of lipid peroxidation; and (ii) diabetes as potential confounder may enhance the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and more reactive α-β-unsaturated reactive aldehydes, specifically 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and acrolein [23]. Here, SOD1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.