EPO and ischemia: PUE can exert brain‐protective effects on ischemia/reperfusion‐mediated brain injury by the suppression of apoptosis/necrosis, autophagy activation, and/or inflammatory response 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 by the promotion of X‐chromosome‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein,15 erythropoietin activity,13 stimulation of Janus‐activated kinase‐2 and signal transducers and activators of transcription‐3,12 inhibition of caspase‐3 activity and expression,15 NF‐κB signal pathway,11, 12 Toll‐like receptor‐4, myeloid differentiation factor‐88,11 and autophagy level.9