GH1 and cancer: GH accelerates oncogenic signaling for common oncogenic processes and tumor development, including proliferation, migration, invasion (Brunet-Dunand et al., 2009), metastasis (Brittain et al., 2017), and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Mukhina et al., 2004), and prevents apoptosis by exerting autocrine or paracrine effects on cancer cell behavior and neighboring cells within the tumor microenvironments (Perry et al., 2017).