As summarized in Figure 8, in the present study, sunitinib upregulated TGF-β, IL-1, IL6, IL-8 and CXCL12 both in cardiac cells and human renal adenocarcinoma cells that are involved in cell death and heart failure as well as in cancer cell survival and resistance to apoptosis (91, 92). Here, TGFB1 is linked to heart failure.