As summarized in Figure 8, in the present study, sunitinib upregulated TGF-β, IL-1, IL6, IL-8 and CXCL12 both in cardiac cells and human renal adenocarcinoma cells that are involved in cell death and heart failure as well as in cancer cell survival and resistance to apoptosis (91, 92). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and papillary renal cell carcinoma.