As summarized in Figure 8, in the present study, sunitinib upregulated TGF-β, IL-1, IL6, IL-8 and CXCL12 both in cardiac cells and human renal adenocarcinoma cells that are involved in cell death and heart failure as well as in cancer cell survival and resistance to apoptosis (91, 92). The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is papillary renal cell carcinoma.