Recent studies have shown that lncRNA plays a regulatory role in a variety of fibrosis, including diabetic nephrotic fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, myocardial fibrosis induced by atrial fibrillation, renal fibrosis, etc. The protein expression levels of TGFβR1 and α-SMA were significantly down-regulated, and CK19 expression was up-regulated in the co-culture of ADSC-Exos and TGF-β1-induced ESCs. Here, TGFB1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.