Increased levels of pro-inflammatory IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-20 and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory IL-19 and IL-10 have been observed in monocytes from patients with CNO/CRMO, and imbalances in cytokine expression may contribute to inflammatory bone loss (199, 200). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis.