Furthermore, TRIM31 reduces the risk of other NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases such as apical periodontitis (AP, an acute suppurative inflammation caused by endodontic microbial infections) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD, a major cause of blindness in the elderly in developed countries, induced by dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelial cells, which constitute the immune defense barrier of the macula) (46, 47). Here, TRIM31 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.