In contrast, Th9 cells co-culture remarkably promoted IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion by CD8+ T cells from CHB and hepatitis B-related HCC patients (P<0.001, SNK-q tests, Figures 5B, C), while anti-IL-9 neutralization antibody administration dampened Th9-mediated elevation of IFN-γ and TNF-α production by CD8+ T cells in CHB and hepatitis B-related HCC patients (P<0.01, SNK-q tests, Figures 5B, C). Here, IFNG is linked to hepatitis B virus infection.