NLRP3 and endothelial dysfunction: Importantly, HN improves endothelial dysfunction through antioxidation, because (1) HN inhibits NOX2, thereby decreasing mitochondrial ROS production; (2) NLRP3 inflammasome activated by mitochondrial ROS leads to endothelial injury; however, HN inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by activating AMPK (61).