In addition to the constitutive macrophage activation, this may be further enhanced by a general systemic inflammatory state as seen in cirrhosis, leading to immune activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 8, which are known to be involved in recruitment of inflammatory cells to the liver (Seitz et al., 2018). The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is Cirrhosis.