TGFB1 and fibrosis: As shown in Figures 8C–E, the mRNA expression of cardiac fibrosis markers collagen-I and -III and TGF-β was significantly increased when treating CFs with TGF-β; co-treating CFs with TGF-β and RES significantly decreased the mRNA expression of cardiac fibrosis markers collagen-I and -III and TGF-β.