ERN1 and Alzheimer disease: From an inflammatory perspective, increased levels of IL-6, TNF, and IL-1β are detected in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum of patients with AD, PD, and MS, although these responses have not been yet linked to IRE1 or PERK activation (Swardfager et al., 2010; Qin et al., 2016; Chen X. et al., 2018; Stampanoni Bassi et al., 2020).