TNFRSF9 and vascular dementia: First, our study is limited by its cross-sectional design, which implies that no causal inferences about temporality of alterations in ILA can be made; thus, longitudinal and large-sample studies are warranted to further validate the effect of vascular lesions on the conversion of ILA to vascular dementia and to evaluate clinical values of WM and network measures to predict longitudinal changes.