TNF and infection: BALB/c mice are the most common models for SARS‐infection challenge, due to compatibility with pro‐inflammatory pathological responses in early stages of infection.[203, 252, 253, 254] Upon SARS‐1 infection, mice produce a wave of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6) and chemokines (CXCL‐10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5) by day 2 post‐infection.