DDIT4 and cancer: As the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is the most well-known mechanism in inflammatory conditions and oxidative stress, including cancer cachexia [27–29], the pretreatment of SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38 MAPK) significantly inhibited p38 phosphorylation, downregulated Ddit4 expression and reversed autophagy in a dose-dependent manner in C2C12 cell challenged with C26 CM (Fig. 7F).