TNF and glioblastoma: To compare hypoxia-, poly I:C-, and TNFα-induced changes of cultured human and mouse astrocytes with neurological disease-associated changes in human patients and mouse models in vivo, we analyzed single-cell RNA-seq datasets of Alzheimer’s disease51,52, multiple sclerosis53–55, and healthy control patients and bulk RNA-seq data of glioblastoma-associated astrocytes56 (see Methods for details).