MGP and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (inherited or acquired): Also mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and dysfunctional inhibitors of calcification, such as matrix gla protein (MGP) and fetuin-A have been described to contribute to the elastic fiber calcification in PXE patients, cell- and animal models (Uitto et al., 2010; Hosen et al., 2014; Brampton et al., 2021).