C3 and malaria: Similarly, studies in malaria- infected pregnant women showed increased amounts of C1q, C3d, C4, and C9 in malaria-infected placentas compared to non-infected placentas (25), and deposition of IgG and C3 in some of the P. falciparum-infected placentas (26), although no association was shown between infection severity and the amount of complement deposited on the infected placentas.