In a study of individuals with culture-proven pulmonary tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was found in vitro to inhibit signaling through the PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway, leading to increased MMP-1, thus contributing to a tissue destructive phenotype facilitating granuloma cavitation and TB transmission (47). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and pulmonary tuberculosis.