The first of these is a phase I/II trial (n = 60 partipants needed) involving fresolimumab, a mAb that targets all three isoforms of TGF-β, combined with radiotherapy in patients with early stage NSCLC (NCT02581787 scheduled for completion in December 2021) (Huang et al., 2021).The second, is a phase Ib/IIa trial focused on the novel TGF-β1 receptor kinase inhibitor, vactosertib (TEW-7197), combined with durvalumab (PD-L1 antagonist) in patients (n = 60) with advanced, PD-L1-positive NSCLC (NCT03732274, scheduled for completion in December 2022) (Huang et al., 2021). Here, TGFB1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.