IL33 and asthma: In asthma, UPM exposure decreased IL-33 mRNA expression in triple co-cultures with moMφs (24 h UPM) (–1.1 fold change (− 2.8 to 1.2 fold change)) compared to unstimulated epithelial cells alone (11.6 fold change (2.9 to 45.5 fold change), p = 0.01), unstimulated epithelium/moDCs di-cultures ( 2.3 fold change (1.3 to 4.7 fold change), p = 0.04) and UPM exposed epithelium/moDCs di-cultures (4.2 fold change (1.5 to 6.0 fold change), p = 0.02) (Fig. 8).