In COPD, UPM exposure increased IL-8 production in triple-co-culture with moMφs (24 h UPM) (708.14 pg/ml (533.57–921.53 pg/ml)) compared to epithelium/moMφs co-cultures without UPM treatment (403.1 pg/ml (237.33–549.72 pg/ml)) (p = 0.040). Here, CXCL8 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.