In COPD, an elevated level of IL-6 after UPM exposure was found in epithelial/moMφs di-cultures (55.58 pg/ml (31.92–76.04 pg/ml) compared to unstimulated epithelial/moMφs di-cultures (9.77 pg/ml (3.31–20.57 pg/ml)) (p = 0.021) and in triple co-cultures (54.50 pg/ml (19.81–117.37 pg/ml)) compared to unexposed epithelial/moMφs di-cultures (p = 0.049) (Fig. 10). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.