The marker genes for cholangiocyte proliferation and liver fibrosis, including keratin 19 (KRT19), actin, alpha 2 smooth muscle (ACTA2), collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), were increased markedly in livers of BA patients compared to controls (Fig. S5). This evidence concerns the gene COL1A1 and Hepatic fibrosis.