L. casei, L. fermentum, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, and L. sakei are special bacteria for T2DM and hyperglycemia that regulate glucose metabolism; inflammation; insulin sensitivity; pathways, including GPR43 and PI3K/Akt; and metabolites, including LPS, BAs, and SCFAs. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.