TNF and gastric cancer: The cell wall of H. pylori, which is highly associated with chronic inflammation and gastric cancers, contains LPS, which activates TLR4 and the downstream NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby inducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and others (Sandborn and Hanauer, 1999; Pålsson-Mcdermott and O’Neill, 2004).