Furthermore, expression of nine cytokines/chemokines (hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), MIG, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, M-CSF, IL-10, IL-1α and IL-2Ra) was significantly higher in HAdV-infected patients with ARDS than in those without ARDS during disease progression. Here, CSF1 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.