TGFB1 and neoplasm: It is characterised by abundance of cytokines [in particular interleukin-6, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and prostaglandin-E] secreted by tumor cells, microglia and/or tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), exerting strong immunosuppressive activity toward the inhibition of Natural Killer (NK)-cells and T-cells, as well as enhancing T-cell apoptosis, skewing TAM phenotype, and downregulating MHC expression on both tumor cells and APC (11, 12).