ALDH1 also can modulate the EMT-associated, CSC-like properties of the NSCLC cells: upregulation or knockdown of ALDH1A1 or ALDH1A3 influenced sphere formation and invasion/migration capacities as well as altered the expression of the corresponding CSC and EMT markers (Supplementary Fig. 2a–d). Here, ALDH1A3 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.