PDCD1 and neoplasm: Based on the observation that anti-CTLA-4 therapy worked in concert with IRE to boost the number of SPAS-1+ T cells in the blood by day 14 after IRE (Fig. 9b; Fig. 5a, b), we hypothesized that later addition of anti-PD-1 after the conclusion of anti-CTLA-4 therapy, leading up to this numerical peak of the systemic SPAS-1+ T cell response, would further potentiate tumor remission.