PARP1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In lumbar motor neurons from ALS patients, a significant up-regulation of γH2AX, phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM), cleaved poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and tumour suppressor p53-binding protein (53BP1) was observed [78].