HMGB1 and brain ischemia: Neuroinflammation that is stimulated by DAMPs (e.g., HMGB1 and Prxs) after brain ischemia was shown to be negatively regulated by MSR1, which conferred potent neuroprotection within a 24-h therapeutic time window in mice that were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) [18].