ANXA5 and neoplasm: To thoroughly mimic the acid and reductive tumor microenvironment, we induced apoptosis with TPL/NPs at pH 7.4 without GSH or at pH 5.8 with 10 mM GSH; apoptosis was analyzed via annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) staining.