Furthermore,human PASMC-EVs contain TGF-β superfamily ligands, such as growthdifferentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and TGF-β3, which are implicated inthe pro-fibrotic and pro-proliferative phenotype observed in PAH.TGF-β signalling can also alter human PASMC-EV cargo and enhanceEV-mediated micro RNA transfer.45 These findings suggest a potential paracrine effect of EVs onTGF-β signalling and provide exciting opportunities to explore thepathological and therapeutic consequences of this pioneering work.45 The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary arterial hypertension.