VIM and lung cancer: These results were consistent with the opposing effects of anti-immune evasion.33 For example, M1 macrophages was generally considered as pro-inflammatory and can promote anti-tumor immunity, whereas M2 macrophages generally promote cell proliferation and participate in EMT-associated processes, such as wound healing and tissue repair.34 As a case study, an immunohistochemistry assay was performed to mark macrophages or CD8+ T cells and detect the expression of vimentin in lung cancer.