TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: However, TNF-α blockade treatment in patients with IBD strongly inhibits inflammation in the colorectal mucosa by suppressing several pro-inflammatory pathways, including the TNF-α pathway32, and immunosuppressive therapy, including TNF-α blockade and vedolizumab, which is an α4β7 integrin inhibitor blocking the migration of gut-specific lymphocytes into the gut, is administered for treating not only IBD, but also ICI-induced colitis33,34.