NFKB1 and COVID-19: Retrospectively, in COVID-19, binding of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 receptor down-regulates its activity and leads to the accumulation of Ang II, and the overactivation of angiotensin AngII/AT1R axis trigger macrophage activation and activation of NF-κB signaling, leading to release of several inflammatory cytokines affecting multi-organ functions (Fig 2) [38].