Moreover, these procedures also display an effective treatment of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2D) (Schauer et al., 2014) with durable HbA1C remissions (Arterburn et al., 2013), improved insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control (Buchwald et al., 2004), all resulting into long-term reduction of overall mortality and obesity- related risk factors (Gloy et al., 2013; Sjöström, 2013). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.