TNF and Alzheimer disease: Without stimulation, we found that the basic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β in the cytoplasm was increased only in AD (p<0.0001) (Fig 2a), while IL-6 and TNFα were increased in all patient groups (p< 0.0001); however, the smallest increase was observed in the MCI group (NS) (Fig. 2b and c).