PRAL and diabetes mellitus: After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, eGFR, plasma bicarbonate and PRAL, urinary uric acid, citrate and magnesium excretions were significantly lower in CVD stone formers, compared with those without heart disease (β: − 0.25, p = 0.05; β: − 0.46, p < 0.01; β: − 0.40, p = 0.01, respectively) (Table 4).