Among them, patients from CKD stage 3A to 5 had similar distributions for the following: gender, body mass index (BMI), CCI, LVEF, cardiac arrhythmia, β-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), and digoxin except for distribution of age, HF, HFpEF, HFrEF, NT-proBNP, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), albumin, glycated hemoglobin (Hba1c), eGFR, proteinuria, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), and anticoagulants (Table 1). Here, ACE is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.